Together with IZES, the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Nagoya University – Graduate School of Environmental Studies and the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) Arepo analysed the strategic framework conditions and socio-cultural aspects that influenced the different Energy Transition processes in Germany and Japan. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the historical narratives in Germany and Japan, the respective policy developments and political strategies, framework conditions, socio-cultural circumstances, barriers, the role of societal movements and milieus and other factors. Based on the comparative analysis strategic recommendations were deducted for both countries that serve to support the transitions processes by mutual learning and exchange of best practices and lessons learnt.